1. Guilds: Medieval association of craftworkers with the
same skill or trade, which controlled the manufacture and sale of crafts products.
2. Ancien Régime: Monarchic, aristocratic,
social and political system established between the 15th and 18th
centuries. Originally used by the French to refer to the French, the term
extended to the rest of the monarchies in Europe .
3. Mercantilism: Economic system based on
the idea that a country’s wealth depended on how much gold and silver it
possessed. It maximises the exports.
4. Estates General: Meeting of the
representatives of the three estates in France . In Spain , there are Cortes, and in England ,
Parliament.
5. Estates of the
realm: Orders of social
hierarchy used in Christian
Europe from the medieval period to Early Modern Age.
6. Tithe: One
tenth of the annual produce from farming or livestock which all peasants were
obliged to give to the Church.
7. Enlightenment:
Movement that promoted knowledge, science and education to reform society.
8. Legislative
power: The authority of a
branch of government that is charged with making and enacting laws.
9. Executive
power: Authority that enforces orders and ensures that they
are carried out as intended.
10. Judicial
power: Constitutional authority assigned to courts and judges. The authority enables them to interpret and apply the
law, arbitrate legal disputes and carry out justice.
11. Physiocracy: Economic theory developed by a group of 18th
century Enlightenment French economists who believed that the wealth of
nations was derived only from the value of "land agriculture" or
"land development" and that agricultural products should be highly
priced.
12.
Enlightened despotism: Form
of government that developed in some European countries in the 18th
century. Its objective was to modernise the country and improve subjects’
quality of life by combining absolute monarchy with Enlightenment ideas.
13.
Domestic system: A merchant normally
supplied the raw materials to the workers (peasants), so they could make the
products in their homes. The merchants then sold the products.
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